Isolation and characterisation of medicinal compounds from Phyllanthus Niruri L

In many countries, Phyllanthus niruri L is one of the most popular alternatives of natural herbal remedy to overcomemany symptoms due to its wide range of therapeutic uses.Even though a considerable number of research projectshave been conducted in order to reveal the pharmacological activities of Phyllanthus niruri L, and that a number of reports have been produced mentioning its pharmacological effect, the rich constituents of this plant are yet to be comprehensively studied, particularly with regards to the nature of the biological activities that the compounds have.Accordingly, the main focus of this study is the exploration of Phyllanthus niruri L as a new candidate of natural compound. This was done through a series of bioassay- guided plant extraction and isolation protocols.Phyllanthus niruri L crude extracts were tested againstplasmodium, cancer cell lines, and platelet aggregation. Guided by the bioassay results, the isolation procedureswere performed using advance chromatography techniques, in order to purify the most - active substances thatrepresent the final candidate natural product.This study also employed flow cytometry and proteomics studies, as an attempt to identify the fundamental principlesof the mechanism of action of the isolated compounds.The results demonstrated that Phyllanthus niruri Lextracts showed a potency as antiplasmodial, anti-cancer, as well as anti-platelet agent. In inhibiting plasmodiumfalciparum growth, the potency of the extracts from the most to the least potent activity was methanol > water > ethanol > chloroform > hexane (IC 50values were 1.6 μg/ml, 9.6 μg/ml, 25 μg/ml, and 141 μg/ml, respectively).With regards to its anti-cancer effect, Phyllanthus niruri Lextracts showed a significant cytotoxic effect on human Caucasian lung large cell carcinoma (COR-L23), human acute T lymphoblastic leukaemia (MOLT-4), andhuman caucasian chronic myelogenous leukaemia (K562).Among all extracts, methanol extract demonstrated the strongest cytotoxicity effect with a low IC 50 values for all cell lines tested (IC 50 values for COR-L23, MOLT- 4, and K562 was 48.92 ± 0.52 μg/ml,42.21 ± 4.98 μg/ml, and 139.28 ± 19.02 μg/ml, respectively). Methanol, water, ethanol, and hexane extracts did not show any toxicity towards normal fibroblast cell line (3T3). However,chloroform extract demonstrated a toxic effect to the normal cells line (IC 50 value 164.3 ± 8.4 μg/ml).x The antiplatelet activity of Phyllanthus niruri Lwas further explored in this study due to a remarkable inhibitory effect of methanolic extract observed on ADP- induced platelet aggregation. With the aid of bioassay- guided isolation protocol, the study has isolated fourcompounds from the methanolic extract, which demonstrated a potency in preventing in-vitro platelet aggregation induced by ADP (compound 1, 2 , 3, and 6). The IC 50of each compound was 179.9 ± 2.67 μg/ml (compound1), 31.91 ± 1.86 μg/ml (compound 2),77.68±6.44 μg/ml (compound 3), and 43.35 ± 6.44 μg/ml (compound 6).Compound 2 was identified as corilagin or [3,5-dihydroxy-2-(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyl)oxy -6-[(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyl)oxymethyl]oxan-4-yl]3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate. The finding of this study demonstrated that corilagin altered the G-protein signalling pathway in a selective manner by impeding Gq-protein cascade. Corilagin might act through G13-mediated signalling;however it showed no significant effect on Gi-mediated signalling pathway. Consequently, corilagin inhibited platelet shape changes, granule secretion, and platelet aggregate formation, which was suggested to take place by the inhibition of the elevation of intracellular Ca2+ level due to the inactivation of PLCβ. Although corilaginshowed no observable inhibitory effect on the initial activation of the major platelet glycoprotein, GPIIb/IIIa, the findings suggested that the interaction between the activated integrin and the related ligands is affected, which results in the inhibition of further amplification of platelet aggregation. Overall,this study confirmed the antiplatelet activity of corilagin and explainedits coherent mode of actions, which support the future development of corilagin, isolated from Phyllanthus niruriL as a natural-sourced antiplatelet compound

Comparative Analysis of Financial Performance Before and During the Covid-19 Pandemic at BTPN Syariah

This research aims to see the financial performance of BTPN Syariah before and after the COVID-19 pandemic as measured by profitability and liquidity ratios. The method used in this research is the quantitative data method, the type of data used is secondary data. By using financial data sourced from the balance sheet and profit and loss statements of BTPN Syariah in 2016-2020. This study uses a descriptive analysis method with a quantitative approach. Based on the results of research on financial performance as measured by profitability ratios with indicators of ROA, there was decrease before and after covid by 5.03 percent, which was caused by decrease in profit. The BOPO ratio there was decrease before and after covid by 6.35 percent, which was caused by decrease in operating income. However, ROA and BOPO are still in very healthy categorization, both before the pandemic and after the pandemic. In the NOM ratio, the performance before pandemic in less healthy category and after pandemic there was decrease by 0.39 percent to be unhealthy which cause by decrease in net operating income. The ROE ratio before the pandemic was in very healthy condition, after the pandemic there is decrease by 11.89 percent to be healthy enough. Then the measurement of financial performance using the liquidity ratio by the FDR parameter, financial performance both before and during the pandemic was in quite a Healthy condition. In the ratio of NPF, FAR, and Quick Ratio, the performance before and after the pandemic was in very healthy condition